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Introductory workshop on natural cooking

Every day, new diseases associated with our diet and lifestyle, many of us have begun to worry about leading a healthier lifestyle, more friendly to our body and the environment. But often we do not know how to balance our diet or innovate in our recipes ... that is why I make this invitation to participate in this workshop introduction to the natural kitchen, where we take many interesting and useful, and practical way to learn about making healthy food com, natural and sabroza. My name is Karina Warren, Environmental Biologist I, but all my life I've been learning research Kitchen is very good about biology and all that is body care, care of the environment and invite you to participate are 7 classes:

Program:

Session 1: (Theoretical)

• General concepts of nutrition.
• macronutrients, micronutrients.
• Calculation of calories and caloric requirements.
• foodborne illness.
• How to assemble a balanced meal?

Session 2: (Theoretical)

• What foods do in the day?
• Breakfasts, lunches, dinners and snacks.
• Fermented: Kefir and kombucha.
• Infusions
• integral Bakery.

Session 3: (Practice)

• How to prepare kefir?
• Healthy breakfast.
• Breads and grain mass.

Session 4: (Practice)

• therapeutic Kitchen:
• Recipe for celiac
• diabetic recipes
• Recipe for hypertensive
• lactose intolerance.
• vegetables, fruits and herbs.

Session 5: (theoretical and practical)

• Cooking Techniques
• conservation techniques.
• Sauces and dressings.
• sprouts.

Session 6: (theoretical and practical)

• naturism, vegetarianism and veganism.
• Soy and some products such as tofu.
• Gluten
• Quinoa
• preparations.

Session 7: (Theory and practice)

• Sustainable Food
• transgenic vs. Organic food
• Recipe created by each student.
• Close.

Course Value $ 80,000, you can pay in 3 installments (one before, and another 3 rd class and over the 5 th class)

Classes are 1 time week can be weekday or Saturday, this will be defined with the registered and are held in my home located within walking distance of Plaza Egaña. (Close Egaña square meter)

Includes: Instruction, materials for practical classes and gift: a book of recipes, nodules bag kefir and quinoa.

Any questions write to me @ karinatura.com karina.conejeros

or call 167 or 28 August 1927 88 64 138 (Fixed) and talks to Karina.

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Group 37.5 kva transformers 75 KVA TRANSFORMERS

Group 3 37.5 kva transformer voltage 120-240 volts 13 800

the company sold SEIACA Maracay Aragua

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Group 3 75 kva transformers, voltage 13 800 / 240-480 v

contractor Sold to CA

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freesia

With captivating floral aroma, Natura launches exclusive edition of Kriska freesia. Kriska line is designed for versatile women of any age who want to put a splash of color and joy to your day. With its beautiful presentation in a glass bottle with valve and cap that resembles a flower, we can say that again will bring our feminine essence Natura.

Speaking of freesia, d and Fresias the 14 species, 12 are from the Cape Province, South Africa, staying two in tropical Africa. The flowers are very fragrant freesia, typically white or yellow, and are held in clusters of spikes. This burgeoning beauty captures the heart of anyone and is a favorite of spring.

" All the flowers of tomorrow

are in the seeds of today"

Indian Proverb.

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Kriska Guidelines will be in the inn Karinatura Huaso VEGETARIAN

For the fourth year is hosting the popular Homovegetus The huaso vegetarian catering, which is a healthy way for those who do not eat meat to show that you can spend 18 fun and free of cruelty. The appointment is for 3 days, 18, 19 and 20, in the premises located Cathedral in 2326, cumming subway steps, there is an accession of $ 1500 per adult, $ 1000 per niñoas or offering $ 2000 + adult child. The idea is to have fun with music, games and food of course.

More information:

http://huasovegetariano.blogspot.com/

Karinatura be present by donating some prizes for competitions at the inn, which are:

- Bowl campaign "believing is seeing"

- cinnamon body oil seve

- Deodorant Erva twelve.

so if you want to win any awards, do not miss for this rendezvous.

not forget to check our web http://www.karinatura.com/

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Relaunch ... EKOS was surprised but again PRIPRIOCA

Much time has passed since the aroma of priprioca had left our catalog, but is now back as a bird Phoenix to deliver their products fresh and woody so desired by many people. Brings products like Breu branco line, but also a bar soap that is worth trying. To feel the passion for water and elixir, passionate by nature and its essence, awakening the senses, that wants to bring back the priprioca, this root has been widely used in cosmetics for its mild perfume.

lanzameinto not miss this in the next cycle of Nature and the incredible offer that will bring you.

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TENSION TRANSFORMER KVA 167.5 13 800 120 / 240 VOLTS.
Group 3 167.5 kva transformers Sold to SEIACA contractor located in Maracay Aragua State. all with one year warranty and testing protocols. Approved by CORPOELEC.

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TRANSFORMER 1500 KVA 34 500 480 / 277 VOLTS VOLTAGE
IMMEDIATE DELIVERY
1 year warranty and testing protocol factory price

national office is your chance to call before someone else take him.
SOLD

Fire Precaution Attic Insulation

PAD MOUNTED TYPE SUB-STATION OR
50 KVA 75 KVA


112.5 KVA 225 KVA 150 KVA


300 KVA 750 KVA 500 KVA


1000 KVA 1500 KVA 2000 KVA
All types of voltage

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TRANSFORMERS SINGLE PHASE THREE-PHASE TRANSFORMERS

15 KVA 37.5 KVA 25 KVA


50 KVA 75 KVA 100 KVA


167.5 KVA 333 KVA 250 KVA

500 KVA

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Single and Three Phase Transformers
COMPANY APPROVED BY CORPOELEC
1 year warranty and testing protocols. Brand
FABRITEC.

caivet also work with processors, mevenca, siemens and Wences.

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Sale of electrical equipment in high and low voltage
Hardware, circuit breaker, lightning, insulators, poles, structures, lighting, etc.


CONTACT: Lic
Frank Franklin Garcia-gar @ 0414.051.13.85
hotmail.com

Whate Means Full Board/

SUMMARY OF FINAL WORK

SPEED REGULATORS

(Industrial application)

1.-INTRODUCTION

The engines represent a very important part of electricity consumption and even more in the industrial sector. Although machines are reliable enough, there is always the risk of occurrence of any damage or anomalies appear in the voltage. Why not simply connect a motor to the network to use it properly, but there are several elements that help ensure safe operation.

Let's see if when the need is starting an engine, the option will choose between the traditional methods electromechanical power (directly or as star-delta reduced voltage autotransformer motor cage rotor resistance or rotor winding engine, etc.), and a progressive electronic starter.

If the application needs are of varying speed and torque control, the options are to use a mechanical solution, a special motor (dc, servo, etc.), Or a squirrel cage induction motor with frequency .

2 .- SCOPE

inverters are power converters to modulate the energy charge to the engine or other definition would variable speed drives are devices that vary the speed and the coupling of three-phase asynchronous motors, turning the magnitdes fixed frequency and voltage in varying magnitude.

control of electric motors by switching sets of "All or Nothing" is a solution well suited for driving a wide range of machines. However, poses constraints that may be inconvenient in certain applications:

- The current spike at startup can disrupt the operation of other devices connected to the network,
- The mechanical shocks that occur during starts and stops can be unacceptable machine and for the safety and convenience of users,
- constant speed operation.

starters and electronic speed controllers eliminate these drawbacks. Engines suitable for AC or DC power, ensuring progressive acceleration and deceleration and to tailor the speed to the operating conditions very accurately. Depending on the type of motor, used various controlled rectifier type, frequency converter or voltage regulator.

3 .-. REGULATIONS

* CEI 61800-3: EN 61 to 800 -3, UNE In - 61800-3, electric power drives and variable speed.

* IEC-EN: 61800-5-1 Level of Protection

Program Content 4 .- 4.1 .- PROCEDURE



Variable speed drives are electronic devices that allow for change speed and torque of three phase asynchronous motors, converting fixed magnitudes of voltage frequency and in varying magnitude.

these teams are used when the needs of the application are:

* Domain
torque and speed regulation without mechanical shock *
* * Mechanical Movements
sensitive complex


Motor Drive controllers are trained to deal with three-phase asynchronous motor rotor cage. The motor voltage can not be larger than the mains. A voltage and frequency of motor plate behaves according to the following graph:

The motor dimensions must be such that tough braked load does not exceed the rated motor braked, and the difference between one and another provides the accelerator and esacelerante braked enough to meet the start and stop times.

The drive
thus are called variable speed drives rectifying the alternating voltage network (single or three phase), and by six transistors working in pulse width modulation to generate a three-phase variable frequency and voltage. A further transistor, called the braking energy can address returned by the engine (during regenerative braking) to an external resistor. Below is a typical electronic diagram:

shot strategy of the inverter transistors is performed by a microprocessor, for maximum engine performance within the entire speed range, using an algorithm flux vector control.

This algorithm by using knowledge of motor parameters and operating variables (voltage, current, frequency, etc.) Performs precise control of magnetic flux in the motor keeping it constant regardless of frequency. As the steady flow, the torque provided by the engine will be also.

The chart shows that from 1 Hz to 50 Hz nominal motor torque is available for permanent use, 170% of rated torque is available for 60 seconds and 200% of rated torque is available for 0.2 sec.

4.2 .- METHODOLOGY

Any device to be used in a electrical installation has a specific selection methodology, which we rely below

4.2.1 .- SELECTION OF A DRIVE CONTROLLER

To define the most appropriate equipment to meet a variable speed application must taken into account the following aspects:

Load Type: Constant torque, variable torque, constant power pulsed loads.

Engine Type: Induction squirrel cage rotor winding, current and power rating, service factor, voltage range.

Operating Ranges: maximum and minimum speeds. Verify need for forced ventilation of the engine. Par

startup: Check not exceeding those permitted by the drive. If you exceed 170% of rated torque should overestimate the drive. Regenerative braking

: high inertia loads, cycle times and vertical movements require external braking resistor.

Environmental: temperature, humidity, altitude, type of enclosure and ventilation.

mono or multi Application: Provide individual thermal protection for each motor. The total power of all motors will be the rating.

Network Considerations: microswitching, voltage fluctuations, harmonics, power factor, line current available, isolation transformers.

Application Considerations: motor overtemperature protection and / or overload, isolation contactor, bypass, automatic restart, automatic speed control.

Special Applications: Electromagnetic Compatibility , audible motor noise, pumps, fans and blowers, hoist, motors in parallel, etc. 4.2.2 .-

RECOMMENDED CIRCUIT

circuit to use a drive must recorded with some of the following elements:

Breaker: His choice is determined by considerations seen in the course of Electrical Measurement and Electrical Installations II I.
The current line corresponds to the current drawn by the drive at rated power utilization.

Line Contactor: This feature ensures automatic switching circuit in case of emergency shutdowns or failures. Use in conjunction with the circuit breaker type 2 is responsible for coordinating the output and facilitates implementation tasks, operation and maintenance.

Selection is based on rated power and the rated engine in S1 and job category AC1

choke line: These inductances can be improved surge protection network, and reduce the rate of current harmonics produced the drive, improving the distortion of the voltage at the connection point.

This reduction of harmonics in a decrease of the rms value of current drawn from the power supply, and reduced rms current value taken by the components of the input stage inverter (rectifier, preload contactor, capacitors). The use of inductances line is particularly recommended for the following cases
:

- Red very disturbed by other receivers (parasitic, surges)
- Mains with voltage imbalance between phases> 1.8% of nominal voltage.
- fed by a line drive very low impedance (near power transformers of more than 10 times the drive rating.) The minimum line inductance corresponds to a short circuit current Icc of 22000 A
- Installing a large number of drives in the same line.
- Reduced overhead condensers fp improved, if the installation includes a battery compensation of power factor.

Selection is based on the nominal drive current and switching frequency. There are standard inductors for each type of drive.

radio interference filter: these filters can limit the spread of parasites that produce drives for driving, which could disturb certain receptors located in the vicinity of the device (radio, television, audio systems, etc.). .

These filters only be used in TN type networks (Update neutral) and TT (neutral ground). There

standard filters for each type of drive. Some drives bring them home built.

braking resistor: Its function is to dissipate the energy of braking, allowing the use of the drive in quadrants 2 and 4 of the torque-speed diagram. This will make best use of engine torque during the braking time and is known as dynamic braking. It is usually an option as it is only necessary in applications that require high braking torques.

The installation of this resistance is very simple: should be located outside the cabinet to allow proper dissipation, and the drive has a terminal block where it connects directly. According to the factor of the motor power is determined should dispel resistance.

tables exist for this selection. The ohmic value of resistance is characteristic of the drive and should not be modified

5 .- APPLICATION

Now we'll see how to operate the drive controller, with its own circuit recommended for proper operation and protection same, and the operator.

Installation Frequency Converter

Installation Recommendations
Wiring:

- In the control cables, use shielded twisted cable circuits slogan.
- There must be a physical separation between power circuits and circuits for low-level signals.
- The land must be of good quality and low impedance connections.
- cables as short as possible.
- The drive must be as close as possible to the motor.
- Ensure that power cables are away from cable television antennas, radio, cable television and computer networks.

Cabinet: Metallic or at least on a metal tray attached to the ground bar. In the user manuals for the drives are making recommendations as to size.
Ventilation: You must agree to the heat dissipated by the equipment at nominal power. Are supplied as optional extra fans and mounting kits ventilation and to ensure IP54 protection without losing the possibility of dissipation.

Grounding: The land must be of good quality and low impedance connections. We should make the ground connection of all bodies of the facility, and the housings of electric motors. The grounding system must have a resistance value that ensures a contact voltage 24V or less permanently.

Applications of frequency inverters

frequency inverters have their main applications in the following types of machines
:

Conveyors: control and synchronize the production rate for the type of product being transported to dose, to prevent noise and shock in transportation of bottles and packaging, to boot smoothly and prevent the fall of the product that is transported, etc.

centrifugal pumps and fans: control the flow, pressure systems use constant and variable volume. In this case you get a great energy savings because consumption varies with the cube of speed, or half that speed,
consumption is the eighth of the nominal. 

Positive displacement pumps: Flow Control and dosage accurately controlling the speed. For example, screw pumps, gear pumps. Transport of fruit pulp, pulp, mining concentrates, chemical additives, chocolates, honey, mud, etc..

Lifts and elevators: For soft start and stop maintaining constant engine braked, and different speeds for different applications.

Extruders: You get a wide variation in speed and total control of the motor braked.

Centrifuges: soft start is achieved by preventing spikes and resonance speeds.

mechanical presses and dipper: soft start is achieved by low speeds and at the beginning of the task, avoiding the waste of materials. Textile machinery

: For different types of materials, including fabric that does not have a symmetrical tissue can attain speeds of random type to get special fabrics.

air compressors: soft starts are obtained with maximum braked and lower power consumption at startup. Oil wells

: pumps are used for extraction rates according to the needs of the well.

Other applications Elevators bucket, screw conveyors, continuous paper, machine tools, welding machines, pantographs, machines for glass, fulones tanneries, snuff dryers, fruit sorting shapers of cables, extruded pipes, rolling mills, mixers, extruded profiles aluminum cable, etc, mineral crusher, sugar cane mills, balancers, flour mills, cement rotary kilns, ovens, food industries, bridge crane, test stands, industrial dryers, capping containers, wells for refrigerators, mixers , cardeadoras, dispensers, dispensers, reactors, kettles, washing machines, polishers, rotary grinders, polishers, cutters, wrappers and esbobinadoras, sanding machines, separators, vibrators, screens, trains, electric vehicles, escalators, air conditioning, automatic doors, moving platforms, worm screws, rotary valves, calenders, knitters, CHIP, pumps, positioning, etc.

6 .- RESULTS

7 .- RECOMMENDATIONS

These characteristics, both technological (power electronics) and motor performance associated with a drive, showing the need to provide suitable safeguards for the proper operation of this equipment.

The performance of the drive with electronic technology allows the integration of several of these protections with reduced costs.

Obviously, these protections do not replace those required at the beginning of each circuit, according to installation regulations, which are "outside" the drives.

8 .- CONCLUSIONS

- Variable speed drives provide greater security to the other, both starting with the stop, but the cost is higher than a drive system without long-term results very beneficial both in cost savings as in the period of engine life.

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SSEE Maintenance of Maintenance of

Extent accuracy class voltage transformers .- Although over time, accurate measurement transformers can be altered, in Capacitive voltage transformers variations occur more frequently in the transformation ratio due to the change in the value of the capacity of the capacitors that form the voltage divider. The determination of error ratio and angle is done by comparing the voltage measurements registered, with another transformer used as a standard.

insulating oil analysis .- insulating oils are essential components of a large number of electrical equipment including transformers and power measurement. Assessing the state of the insulating oil in service is made according to the following rates of control: appearance and color, water content, neutralization index, dielectric loss factor and breakdown voltage, as well as quantity of particles by size are recorded.

Analysis of dissolved gases in oil .- One of the diagnostic methods providing an advance indication of abnormalities in their functional behavior and to determine the measures to be taken before the team suffered major damage is based on gas chromatographic analysis of insulating oil breakdown from overheating of certain points of the transformer or electric shock inside. Depending on the temperature of the hot spot of the discharge energy, the rates at which different gases are produced by decomposition are different. The effect of the thermal or electrical insulating oils lead to the following decomposition gases: hydrogen, methane, ethane, ethylene, acetylene, carbon monoxide and carbon dioxide, oxygen and nitrogen. Determining the content of each gas, the overall assessment and the relationship between the concentrations of different gases and their evolution, one can know not only the existence of a defect, but also the same type and importance. More recently, the above analysis is accompanied with the assessment of the concentration of furfulaldehído derivatives, resulting from thermal degradation of cellulose embedded in solid insulation transformer.

Noise and Vibration Measurements .- These measures are useful for detecting incipient failures in equipment containing moving mechanical parts subject to vibration or friction with fluid, alternating magnetic fields, etc.

electrical insulation measures .- The electrical insulation of HV equipment consisting of oil, porcelain, paper, resins, SF6 gas, etc., Are susceptible to aging over time and conditions of service leading to a progressive loss of their dielectric properties, which requires the control of its evolution. This control is carried out by using the techniques listed here:

• Insulation resistance measurement DC .- Mainly measurement of surface conductivity of the insulation and is used in the detection of imminent failure. Facilitates the decision for immediate intervention, as well as knowledge of the long-term trend of progressive deterioration, the overall estimate of the isolation level actually exists.
• voltage measurement of resorption of oil-paper insulation .- The effect of polarization of a dielectric when subjected to stress and measure the insulation breakdown voltage determined at the previous time load curve polarization spectrum. This test is used to determine the degree of aging of insulating paper impregnated with oil, influenced by moisture content, temperature and absorption of breakdown products.
• dielectric measurement and capacity .- The measure of power factor or loss tangent of the angle in solid and liquid insulators can detect the presence of an effect, although there are layers of insulation in good state in series with the faulty, allowing the measurement to isolate the effect of external insulation. The variation in the ability of an insulation test the existence of conditions abnormalities as the presence of moisture condenser sections shorted or interrupted. Shield ground fault, deformation of windings in power transformers and capacitors deficiencies voltage sharing among others.
• partial discharge measurement .- aging isolates manifested sometimes by the presence of high frequency discharges whose route bypasses, only partially, the insulation between conductors. Contributes to this important addition to the surge, the temperature rise of the computer. The measurement of partial discharge, which has long been an essential part of the qualification tests Electrical and therefore is highly developed in the laboratory, you may incur as errors in adjusting to camp, if not eliminate interfering signals. This technique is used today mainly in the maintenance of transformers, power cables and substations encapsulated SF6. Existing techniques can be classified according to the measured magnitudes and the training unit used, such as measurement of the intensity apparent grounding in the dominant frequency band (featuring inductive sensor for detection), power measurement arc (thermal sensors installed in isolates of SF6) and acoustic detections.
• Measure the excitation current in power transformers .- Measurement of the excitation current at reduced voltage can be used in field to locate certain defects in insulation sheet core structure and magnetic failure of the insulation between turns of the winding and shortcomings of the switching voltage regulator.
• Measure the leakage reactance in power transformers .- The value of the reactance losses often referred to short-circuit impedance testing laboratory, is sensitive to the change of geometry shaped by the flow lines, and field measurement, using low voltage, pede reveal movements and deformations of the windings, open or short circuits between turns.
• response to different frequencies windings .- The transformer winding is formed by a distribution of resistance, inductance and capacitance has a very definite response amplitude and phase, the frequency changes low voltage. Registration and comparison of these responses to different banks often allows detection of variations in the distance between turns and winding deformations.

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3-3 3-2 SSEE

3.1.2 .- systematic preventive maintenance.

consists of a series of tests to perform on computers to verify their status. The work is preventive in nature, but also includes predictive maintenance, and in some cases a corrective.

Predictive maintenance involved when the team performing the tests, you get to know their current status and can then check the status or anticipate future posibles fallas. El mantenimiento preventivo sistemático se realiza generalmente con línea desenergizada, pero existen algunas técnicas que se pueden aplicar sin necesidad de desenergizar la línea. En la mayoría de las industrias el mantenimiento programado se efectúa en días en los que la producción puede ser interrumpida, pero en el caso del servicio eléctrico, ya que su continuidad no puede ser interrumpida, estos trabajos se programan en días en los que el consumo de energía eléctrica es menor que los demás, lo que ocurre generalmente los fines de semana. También existen disposiciones de subestaciones que permiten que algunos equipos puedan ser desenergizados para trabajos de mantenimiento, sin que esto implique the power outage, but still require coordination with those responsible for operation. Predictive maintenance techniques applied in substations, based on recommendations of international standards (IEC-76, IEC-72), are detailed below.

thermographic inspection .- Used by the use of infrared thermo-vision cameras to locate defects by heating, particularly in parts of contact switches, terminals and clamps for connecting the equipment, with reference to the ambient temperature and other healthy phase. It is implemented by a sweep of all electrical connections in a park and can record the temperature distribution in a
equipment housed in normal conditions of service arrangements.

voltage measurement step and touch .- The electrical installations are produced circumstantial, earth fault currents generated by potential elevations of the land, which can become dangerous for people who work there . To ensure that these potentials are not dangerous, the rules define the maximum allowable voltage and method of measurement of step and touch voltage, injection of current in the grounding network. It also establishes the need to measure tensions that can be transferred out of the substation and the determination of the diffusion resistance of a substation grounding, newly built or in operation, to verify its condition over time.

contact resistance measurement .- The electrical characteristics of a contact, switching elements, depend on the number of interruptions and the cumulative arc energy, and that cause the wear of its components, pressure loss contact and the presence of impurities in particular insulation film deposited on the surface. Also, the stresses produced during the failure, action wind and vibration during the maneuvers, worsen the mechanical properties of the connection points of equipment. The control of the value of electrical resistance at the junctions of conductors forming an electrical circuit, to determine the maximum intensity that can flow through them, without exceeding the limits allowed heating for each type of material making up the union .

• dynamic resistance switches .- Due to the design of the contacts in some switches, which have main contacts and arc, is used during the performance of the displacement curve of the same, to continuously record the voltage drop in the cutting chamber at the beginning and end of the opening and closing.
  
• dynamic resistance of load tap changers .- An important part of the failures in power transformers caused by the aging of the contacts of the load tap changer (CTC). State inspection of the contacts of the selector is laborious because of its location. It is applying a new method to diagnose the state of the sliding contacts during the switching process by preventing the disassembly for inspection, based on obtaining the oscillogram corresponding to the change in intensity due to the influence of the value of resistance occurring during each feeding switching voltage regulation (resistance switching contact and the corresponding winding.)

winding resistance measurement .- The electrical resistance of the winding of the transformer windings is altered by the existence of short circuits between windings, thermal defects in their isolation by deficiencies in the contacts of the regulator in charge of the transformer. The control of the value of this resistance facilitates the maintenance decision making, especially in interventions for failure. Measures

operating times .- One of the main measures performed in the maintenance of electrical control switches or pneumatic and especially switches, is to control own time required in performing closing and opening. The control of these values \u200b\u200ballows the necessary adjustments to ensure proper operation of equipment and allows you to schedule the review necessary to adequately replace parts and components.

• Sync switch between cameras .- The measurement of time to maneuver in each of the chambers of the switch allows to know the level achieved by the contacts sync, both linearly (between cutting chambers of each phase ) and transverse (entre fases) facilitando una información complementaria del balance de energías en la maniobra.
• Tiempo de reposición de energía del mando de accionamiento del interruptor.- En interruptores con mando a resortes se mide el tiempo de carga de resortes para poder asegurar que las maniobras son realizadas en condiciones óptimas. En mandos neumáticos es necesario verificar la actuación de los presostatos. Cuando los tiempos obtenidos difieran o presenten desviaciones significativas con respecto a los valores de referencia, se procederá a la revisión de los sistemas de carga: motores, compresores, conducciones, conexiones eléctricas, tensión, etc.
• graphic analysis of displacement of contacts in switches .- The diagnostic method used to determine the mechanical condition of a switch is based on obtaining graphical displacement curves of main contacts during maneuvers closing, opening and closing on missing. Graphic analysis conducted in the facility and whose interpretation is amply supported by the use of remote diagnostic, we obtain the following parameters:

1. Total stroke (traveling) .- Value defined by the difference from the initial position before the start of the maneuver, until the final position at the end of the maneuver.
2. contacts .- Penetration distance in the opening of the main contact between the closed position and the electrical isolation of contacts.
3. opening and closing speed .- intervals are measured in the displacement graph indicated by the manufacturer: arc zone in the opening and the closing prearco.
4. Damping, overtravel and bounce .- The discussed in the relevant areas of the chart, looked at whether the damping is correct and there is no sobrerrecorridos, ni rebotes en número y amplitud excesivos.

Gráficos de consumo de bobinas y motores.- El control del consumo en las bobinas de apertura contribuye al conocimiento del estado de los sistemas eléctricos y mecánicos del interruptor, obteniéndose normalmente del registro gráfico de la intensidad realizado simultáneamente con el registro de desplazamiento de contactos, tiempos de maniobra, y tensión de alimentación en bornas del armario de mando. El registro del consumo del motor facilita una información complementaria a la del tiempo de reposición de energía del mando en interruptores y sirve
igualmente para controlar el comportamiento del disconnectors control during maneuvers. Measure

pollution deposited on insulators .- These measures seek to determine when the contamination deposited on the insulator can reach a dangerous value, taking into account not only the type of pollutant, but the atmospheric and geographical substation. To do this, you can take successive samples of deposited pollution and predict their evolution, which is not always easy, or measuring the number and extent of surface discharges by appropriate equipment, which information is processed and continuously recorded by PC .

Measure leakage current arrester .- ZnO arresters are subjected during service to the influence of different voltage, switching both temporal and atmospheric aging components and can cause it to malfunction. Evaluation of ZnO arresters can be made from the measurement and control of the resistive component of leakage current through them permanently during normal service.

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expansion of consciousness

This technique is designed to help athletes identify the different attentional styles and focuses more appropriate for various specific sports that are involved.
to practice this exercise, athletes should be sitting or lying in a comfortable position.
1 - First you get athletes focus on your breathing. The first minute makes them breathe more deeply and slowly, while keeping the chest, shoulders and neck relaxed. Returns to normal breathing for three or four times and returns to deep breathing until it is comfortable, easy and regular.
then athletes should pay attention to what they hear, indicating that separate sounds, identify and then classify them mentally: "steps", "voice", "cough" ...
2 - Then, simultaneously they must listen all sounds without trying to identify or classify them. Must listen to the mix of sounds, such as if left running music while verbal thinking.
3 - then should be aware of their own bodily sensations, such as the feeling of the chair or the ground on which rests the body. Mentally must catalog all be feeling as felt. Before switching to another feeling must be extended consideration. Consider the quality and origin. Finally you have to experience all the sensations simultaneously without identifying them or label them in a certain way. This makes it essential to introduce an internal body awareness.
4 - In this step only pay attention to emotions or thoughts, allowing every thought or emotion displayed smoothly without being forced. Identifying the nature of the thoughts or feelings. Staying calm, no matter how pleasant or unpleasant are of, in succession, one after another. Then try to empty of all thought or feeling. If this is not possible with only one tune and focus attention and him.
5 - Open your eyes and pick something from the room that is directly in front of oneself. While it is seen directly ahead, look around the room and things in it to make way for peripheral vision. Simultaneously observe the room and everything in it. Imagine a funnel in which the mind is moving, and fair and its center is the initial object, which is directly opposite. Narrowing the focus to gradually reduce the funnel, so that the only thing there at the end of either this object. Expand attention gradually widening the funnel until you can see everything in the room.
This exercise is intended to illustrate the athlete to focus attention on stimuli that interest you, and learn to play with the breadth of attentional focus.

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Maintaining a 03-1

3. Integrated maintenance

According to that seen previously, giving the substation maintenance guidance to the availability of equipment, and taking into account work system in Power Systems (transmission and distribution, mainly), maintenance of substations should be built, ie look at maintenance as a whole, whose components are in preventive maintenance, corrective and proactive.

3.1. Preventive maintenance.

substation Preventive maintenance is divided into two components:

- Visual inspection.
- Preventive maintenance scheduled or systematic.

3.1.1. Visual inspection.

This type of maintenance is done on a monthly basis, without de-energizing the line, do not use tools or instruments in most cases, and as its name suggests is only visual inspections. Its aim is to visually inspect the external condition of equipment, scoring on a form the results of that inspection.

The forms have a box for each phase, ie three for the teams, where points are scored for the team outside the state, according to the following criteria:

There are certain items that are observed when a visual inspection, and records the status of these items in the forms of inspection, as mentioned above. For equipment of a substation, we have:

• power transformer: civil Construcciones, Tank, grounding, porcelains of the bushings, cleaning, conservator tank, radiators, fans, silica, Buchholz relay changer with taps, gauge, gauge, oil level, temperature indicator, control box, tertiary oil temperatures and coils.
• switches (oil, SF6, vacuum, air): civil foundations, structure, grounding, porcelain, status indicator, command, terminal blocks, heating, leaks, oil leaks, gas pressure (N2) , number of operations, sealing.
• transformers (CT's, PT's, CCPD's): civil foundation, structure, grounding, porcelains, oil sight glass, oil level, heater box, terminal blocks, level of N2 capacitor.
• Disconnectors: civil foundations, structure, grounding, porcelain, leakage control, relay ground.
• Lightning: civil foundations, structure, grounding, porcelain, grading ring, number of downloads, power connection.
• Capacitor bank: Foundations civilians, support structure, grounding, safety net, signs, insulators connections for leaks.
• Battery Bank: support structure, grounding, ventilation, blood bank, each cell voltage, level, temperature, density.

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SSEE Maintenance of substations - 02

2. Substation Maintenance Guidance

When looking for a philosophy applicable to the maintenance in substations, one can find that guide the maintenance to the equipment available is more adjustable to the needs and characteristics of this component of power systems. This guidance should be based, perhaps, in the arguments used in the philosophy of Total Productive Maintenance (TPM) and Reliability Based Maintenance (RCM). Before discussing the arguments applicable to the maintenance in substations, it may be necessary to mention why the two types of maintenance, are not directly applicable to substations, ie each for himself alone and completely applied to substations.

The TPM is a maintenance philosophy that demands high quality in the maintenance work, which is not difficult to obtain, but consequently requires that the systems that apply this philosophy to the level of "zero failures", knowing that in power systems most of the failures are due to external factors, often beyond their control (weather conditions, for example), you can not reach the level of "zero failures" without significantly increase operating costs, and therefore the unit price of electricity.

On the other hand, the RCM is a maintenance system that is based on reliability, ie the system in implementing the RCM should continue their normal work despite the emergence of a failure of the failure of some component system, and this is achieved by replacing the component in the production system, whether this replacement is similar or not, the point is that the system maintain its production rate. It is known that a substation has the function of transmitting power from one system to another, and that each component meets the same unique features on this team, therefore, in the absence of one of them, no matter the cause not be possible to replace or ignore this component for power transmission to continue because this could lead to major failures, or system downtime, which could have been avoided if the component in question had been on duty.

But this does not rule out the types of maintenance mentioned for use in substations, it is noteworthy that the RCM can be part of TPM applied to a production system, if analyzed, the TPM is a philosophy that is more concerned the human resource maintenance, and behavior in the development of this function, the production system itself, and the RCM is more inclined to the production system and its reliability. Therefore, these arguments can be applied to any system including substations.

This leads to find the reliability of a substation, and as mentioned above, to achieve this should find the availability of computers in the same, as' equipment available to perform their function, and therefore the system will reliable '. For the equipment available, preventive maintenance will play an important role, thereby leaving the possibility of failure due mainly to external factors, is where the corrective maintenance must play its role, and for the proper performance of such maintenance, the Security staff should behave, order and discipline required, and is where the TPM is applied. But maintenance is not static, it is evolving, so needs updating, analysis and reflection for continuous improvement, that is when proactive maintenance is involved. The three maintenance mentioned are intertwined, which will become an integrated maintenance applied to substations.

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Maintenance of substations - 01

1. INTRODUCTION

is common knowledge that today, power is required for many aspects of daily life, no one is exempt the use of electricity, in one way or another, either at home or at work, operating equipment, workshops, TV, offices, theaters, etc.. This leads to the conclusion that the electrical service must be continuous.

must be borne in mind that this service should be provided in the best quality, and today, there are laws and regulatory systems that ensure compliance with these regulations by the electricity companies, both with regard to service continuity and quality of it.

Electric Power Systems (EPS), have several components and each with unique characteristics, and these are an important part of the whole system, provided each with specific functions, different from other components, but important for the proper functioning of the system, both in terms of quality and service continuity. One of these components are substations, whose function is to interconnect circuits
each other, with the same characteristics of power, albeit to varying onsome cases (voltage and current).

substations can be of transmission or distribution, high or medium voltage, and its components, and the disposition of these may vary one substation to another, but the characteristics of the components will always be the same, and each will also inside the substation, specific and important functions at once. Exist in a substation, switchgear, responsible for joining together or open circuits, power transformers, responsible for transmitting power from one system to another with the desired characteristics of current and voltage transformers, which are responsible for measuring the characteristics electrical signal for protection and registration sections, which together or separate circuits, capacitor banks, which serve to compensate the voltage drop at the end of the line transmission, the lightning rod that protects against shock, just to name a few.

Considering that the substations are an important component of the power system, besides being the most economic cost, and the continuity of the service depends largely on them, is necessary to implement these systems (substations) adequate maintenance management. This management must observe the preventive maintenance, predictive maintenance encompassing, quite frequently to check the status of equipment, corrective maintenance to preventive repair or replacement, which should have some emergency response planning, and proactive maintenance, for the analysis and periodic review of management and the evolution of maintenance and procedures. All these interrelated with each other, thus forming the Integrated Maintenance.

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